HW #12

p. 341

1. Infrared radiation is mostly heat energy. Exposure to it is not as harmful as exposure to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is the most energetic form of sun radiation and it can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can even sterilize materials by killing bacteria and destroying viruses.

2. Visible solar radiation provides the energy needed for photosynthesis and it is the red visible scattering of light during sunset that makes sunsets look red. 

3. Less water vapor leads to less greenhouse gas because there is water vapor in dry and arid regions. Infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere from the entering of UV and visible light that is transformed into IR radiation in clouds. The visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the earth is used to heat earth. This results in wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day.

4. (a) The daytime temperatures would be much cooler, because with less greenhouse gases there is less infrared radiation stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere. Less stored heat energy would enter throughout the day. (b) Without stored heat energy in the atmosphere, nights would be very cold.

p. 350

1. 1 kg.

2. 0.40 L of fuel.

3. 72 L of fuel would be consumed.

4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased due to clearing forests, combustion of cuttings and scrap timber, and the burning of fossil fuels.

5. No, because enough fossil fuel gas is naturally produced on its own.

6. The policy may seem necessary to some people in order to preserve the prevent pollution to help the atmosphere.

p. 233

1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.

2. Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and a material that is used as fuel that can be converted to gasoline. It can be used as heat sources, deliver energy to generate electricity, generate energy, and produce useful every day products.

3. Oil is crude because it is pumped from underground and using it in a natural state without some degree of refinement where it is separated into simpler mixtures is not possible (through fractional distillation).

6. (a) 2,200,000 barrels      (b) 17,800,000 barrels

7. Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, kerosene, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil, grease, heavy oils, wax, petroleum jelly, road oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke.

8.   (a) Water bottle, sports equipment, clothing, and others.    (b) A water bottle can be made out of aluminum. Clothing can be made of cotton. Limbs can be made out of copper.

10. (a) The Middle East has the most petroleum.    (b) Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania have the least petroleum.

11.  (a) Central Asia, North America,  Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe consume more petroleum than they possess.    (b) The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America consume a smaller proportion of petroleum than they possess.

12. When two liquids are insoluble with each other density separates them.

13. Water and acetone are the easiest to separate from each other by distillation. Water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest of the four substances.

15.      

16. Fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. It produces fractions. Fractional distillation is a process that consists of a distillation column and different temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation uses evaporation and condensation.

17. 

-Light: motor gasoline and refined oil

-Intermediate: Gas oil, furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil.

-Heavy: Grease, heavy oils and wax, and cracking stock.

18. The highest boiling point range would be removed at the bottom. This is because they are thick liquids that never vaporize. They drain from the tower’s base.

19. After fractional distillation use distillation.

20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane. The higher the boiling point, the stronger the intermolecular forces are between the molecules.

21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, which allows both atoms to fill their outer shells completely.

22. Atoms with filled electrons are stable and tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble gases are atoms with filled outer electron shells so they are not reactive because they do not loose or gain electrons.

23. They should share it just like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock holding them together.

26. (a) It shows the makeup of a molecule and how high the boiling point is. A molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses.   (b) The structure of a formula show how strong molecular bonds within the formula are along with the boiling point of the formula.

27.

(a)

(b)

28. It only shows four dots because the four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the outer shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.

29. (a) C9H20   (b) C16H34    (c) C10H22    (d) C18H38

30.  (a) 128g     (b) 226g     (c) 142g     (d) 254g