Terms

1A Vocab List

Filtration- This is when solid particles are separated from a liquid by passing the mixture through a material that retains the solid particles and allows the liquid to pass through.

Filtrate- The liquid collected after it has been filtered.

Adsorbs- Attracts and holds on its surface.

Percent Recovery- The percent of original foul water recovered.

Histogram- A bar graph showing data obtained by the groups.

Range- The difference between the largest and smallest values.

Average- You get the average by adding the values together and dividing the sum by the total number of values.

Mean- The same as an average.

Median- The middle value.

Electrical Conductivity- The presence of dissolved, electrically charged particles in water.

Direct Water Use- Water use that can be directly measured.

Indirect Water Use- Uses of water that are hidden and rarely considered.

Aquifer- A water bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel.

Gaseous State- Water vapor in the air.

Liquid State- Water in lakes rivers, oceans, clouds, and rain are examples of this.

Solid State- Ice is an example of this.

Matter- Something that occupies space and has a mass.

Physical Properties- Properties that can be measured and observed without changing its chemical makeup

Density- The mass of material within a given volume.

Freezing Point- This is another physical property and is at 0 Celsius.

Aqueous Solution- A solution where water is the solvent.

Mixture- It is when 2 or more substances combine and retain their individual properties.

Heterogeneous Mixture- A mixture without the same, uniform mixture throughout.

Homogeneous- Uniform throughout.

Suspension- A heterogeneous mixture with solid particles that are large enough to settle out or particles that can be separated by using filtration.

Tyndall Effect- The scattering of a beam light caused by the reflection of suspended particles. 

Colloid- A mixture with solid particles small enough to stay suspended and not settle out.

Homogeneous Mixture- A mixture that is uniform throughout.

Solution- Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

Solute- A dissolved substance.

Solvent- The dissolving agent.

B.4 Vocab List

Particulate Level- The realm of unseen atoms, molecules, and ions in contrast to observable macroscopic entities.

Atom- The smallest particle possessing the properties of an element.

Elements- The fundamental chemical substances from which all other substances are made.

Compound- A substance composed of two or more elements bonded together in fixed proportions. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical means

Chemical Formula- A symbolic expression representing the elements contained in a substance, together with subscripts that indicate the relative number of atom of each element.

Substance- An element or a compound. A material with a uniform, definite composition and distinct properties.

Molecule- The smallest particle of a substance retaining all the properties of that substance.

Chemical bonds- Hold atoms of molecules together.

Molecular Compound- such as H2O

Unit 1B.5- B.6 Vocab

Macroscopic- A world filed with large scale (macro) readily observed things

Models- Representations of atoms and molecules

Chemical symbols- an abbreviation of an element’s name.

• Such as N for nitrogen
• Fe for iron

Periodic table of elements- where elements are organized

Chemical formula- A symbolic expression representing the elements contained in a substance, together with subscripts that indicate the relative numbers of atoms of each element

Subscript- The number printed below the normal line of letters; indicates how many atoms of the element there are. For example: H2O, the subscript 2 indicates the total of H atoms

Chemical equations- chemical sentence; a symbolic expression summarizing a chemical reaction. For example: 2H2(g) + O2(g) à 2H2O(g)

Chemical reactions- The process of forming new substances from reactants that involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds

Reactants- Starting materials in a chemical reaction

Products- Substances formed in a chemical reaction

Diatomic Molecules- a molecule made up of two atoms (two bonded atoms of the same element)

•   Chlorine gas- Cl2
•  Hydrogen gas- H2
•  Oxygen gas- O2

Unit 1 B.8- B.11 Vocab

Protons- positively charged particles

Electrons- negatively charged particles

Electron cloud- a group of electrons (negative charge) revolving around the nucleus of an atom

Neutrons- Electrically neutral particles

Ions- Electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms

Ionic compounds- Substances that are composed of positive and negative ions. It is always neutral because positive and negative electrical charges offset each other

Crystal- NaCl consists of positive and negative ions arranged in a three- dimensional network in solids, ionic compounds (table salt) ions are held together in crystals by attractions among negative and positive charges

Anion- Negatively charged ion

Cation- Positively charged ion

Polyatomic ion- An ion consisting of a group of bonded atoms

Confirming tests- Tests that confirms that ions are present

Precipitate- Insoluble solid substance that has separated from a solution

Qualitative tests- Tests that identify the presence or absence of a particular substance in a sample

Quantitative tests- Determines the amount of a specific substance present in a sample

Reference solution- A solution of known composition used as a comparison

Unit 1 C.1- C.2 Vocab

Saturated- When a solvent has dissolved as much solute as it can retain at a specific temperature, and therefore the solute settles at the bottom of the container because it cant dissolve anymore; even stirring the mixture will not make the crystals dissolve

Solubility- The maximum quality of a substance that will dissolve in a certain quality of water (solvent) to form a saturated solution at a specific temperature

 Solubility curve- a graph indicating the solubility of a particular solute at different temperatures

Saturated solution- A solution in which the solvent contains as much dissolved solute as it normally can at that temperature 

Unsaturated solution- A solution that contains less dissolved solute than the amount that the solvent can normally hold at that temperature

Supersaturated solution- An unstable solution; that contains more solute than can normally be dissolved at that temperature. Heat up a solvent, then cool it down and slightly tap the beaker or add a drop of a chemical à solid forms.

Precipitate- When the extra solute appears as solid crystals and settles to the bottom of the beaker

C.4 + C.6 Vocab

Particulate level- Atomic and molecular phenomena that cannot be easily observed

Polar molecule- A molecule with regions of partial positive and negative charge resulting from the uneven distribution of electrical charge

Concentration- How much solute is dissolved in a specific quantity of a solvent or solution

Percent- Another way to express concentration

Parts per million (ppm)- An expression of concentration; the number of units of solute found in one billion units of solution

Parts per billion (ppb)- An expression of concentration; the number of units of solute found in one billion units of a solution

Unit 1 C.8- C.13 Vocab

Heavy-metal ions: Their atoms have greater masses than those of essential metallic elements, and can be harmful to humans or other organisms. Some examples are lead and mercury.

Green Chemistry: Design that prevents pollution by eliminating the production and use of hazardous substances, related to heavy metal pollution. To prevent heavy metals from getting into water à producing and using alternate materials that do not contain theses ions.

pH scale: A way to measure and report the acidic, basic, or chemically neutral character of a solution. For example: A solution with pH values lower than 7 = Acidic. For example: A solutions with pH value greater than 7 = Basic

Alkaline: Another name for a basic solution. Contains an excess of hydroxide ions (OH-).

Acids: Ions or compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) or hydronium ions (H3O+) when dissolved in water. One example is Hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Bases: Ions or compounds that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) ions when dissolved in water. One examples is sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Chemically neutral: A substance that displays neither acidic nor basic characteristics.

Molecular substances: A substance composed of molecules like H2O and CH4.

Electronegativity: The ability of an element's atom to attract shared electrons when bonding within a compound (difference in electron attraction).

“like dissolves like”: The pattern or solubility behavior- polar substances dissolve in polar solvents and nonpolar substances dissolve in nonpolar solvents.

Insoluble: Refers to substances that are very, very slightly soluble in water.

Gas-bubble trauma: When the total amount of dissolved gases (oxygen and nitrogen) reaches a state of supersaturation. Causes gas bubbles to form in the blood and tissue of fish.

Unit 2 A.1-A.4 Vocab

Physical properties: A property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the sample of matter. For example: color, density, odder.

Physical change: A material stays the same, but its form appears to have changed. For example: melting, boiling, bending

Chemical properties: Properties only observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a sample of matter.

Chemical change: When a substance changes to one or more new substances. Some examples are: burning wood, formation of a gas/solid.

Luster: Shinny and reflect light.

Ductile: Can be drawn into wires.

Metals: A material possessing such as luster, ductility, conductivity, and malleability. For example: iron (Fe), tin (Sn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn).

Nonmetals: A material possessing properties such as brightness, lack of luster, and nonconductivity; nonmetals are often insulators. For example: carbon (C) and oxygen (O).

Metalloids: A material with properties intermediate between those of metal and nonmetals. For example: silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge).

Unit 2 A.5 Vocab

Combustion: Chemical reaction with oxygen gas that produces thermal energy and light; burning

Conductor: A material that allows electricity (thermal energy) to flow through it. It conducts electricity a light bulb is on

Nonconductor: A material that does not allow electrical current (or thermal energy) to flow through it. Doesn’t conduct electricityà light bulb off

Malleable: Flattens without shattering when struck

Brittle: Shatters into pieces

Unit 2 A.6-A.11 Vocab

Atomic number: The number of proton in an atom; distinguishes atoms of different elements

Nucleus: Positively charged central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

Mass number:  The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleolus of an atom of a particular isotope

Isotopes: Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Periods: horizontal row in the periodic table; elements are listed in order of increasing atomic numbers and grouped according to similar properties

Periodic relationship: regular patterns among chemical and physical properties of elements arrayed in the periodic table

Group/ Family: vertical row in the periodic table (column); contains elements with similar properties

Alkali metal family: First column on the left side; highly reactive metal that forms an ECl chloride and E2O oxide

Noble gas family: Right most group of the periodic table; consists of very unreactive (chemically inert) elements

Halogen family: Form 1- ions; group containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine in a column to the left of the noble gases

Unit 2 B.1 Vocab

Atmosphere: Provides nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon

Hydrosphere: Layer of water (oceans, clouds, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, underground water supplies) and some dissolved minerals

Lithosphere: Solid part of Earth, provides the greatest variety of chemical resources like petroleum and metal-bearing ores. It contains the crust (band of soil and rock that obtain the raw materials needed to build homes and more), mantle, and core

Ore: Naturally occurring rock or mineral that can be mined and from which it is possible to extract metal or other minerals

Minerals: Naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest

Unit 2 B.4-B.9 Vocab

Activity series: ranking elements in relative order of their chemical reactivates

Iron metallurgy: the extraction of iron from its ores

Reduction: to gain one or more electrons by a chemical species

Oxidation: lose one or more electrons

Oxidized: what is called any reactant that appears to lose one or more electrons

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions): a chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur together

Reducing agents:  A species that causes another atom, molecule, or ion to become reduced; the reducing agent, in turn, becomes oxidized in this process

Electrometallurgy: Using an electrical current to supply electrons to metal ions; therefore, reducing them

Pyrometallurgy:  Treats metals and their ores with heat. Carbon (coke) and carbon monoxide are common reducing agents that provide electron; therefore, reducing metal ions

Hydrometallurgy: It involves treating ores and other metal- containg materials with reactants in a water solution

Electron-dot structure (dot structure):  the representation of atoms, ions, and molecules where valence-electron dots surround each atoms symbol; it is useful for indicating covalent bonding

Oxidizing agent: species involved in removing electrons from the oxidized reactant

Unit 2 C.1 Vocab

Law of conservation of matter: In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed

Balanced chemical equation: The number of atoms of each element is the same on the reactant and product side

Coefficients: Indicates the relative number of units of each substance involved in a chemical reaction

Formula unit: A term that refers to the smallest unit of an ionic compound

Unit 2 C.12- C.15 Vocab

Renewable resources: A resource that can be replenished by natural processes over the time frame of human experience. For example: fresh water, air, fertile soil, plants, animals

Nonrenewable resources: A resource in limited supply that cannot be replenished by natural processes over the time frame of human experience. For example: metals, natural gasses, coal, petroleum 

Unit 2 D.1- D.4 Vocab

Allotropes: Are different forms of an element that each has distinctly different physical or chemical properties

Nanotubes: Structure composed of a “rolled up” layer of carbon atoms that form hallow tubes