Farewell Blog

I originally took this class thinking it would be a waste of my summer, but i ended up having a really good time with my friends. I surprisingly learned a lot and i discovered that chemistry actually interests me. Im really happy I took this class.

Feedback

1.  This summer what has worked well is that we review the nights reading in class so we understand what we read. What also worked is that we have time in class to do homework so we do not have as much when we get home and are not as overwhelmed.

2. For next years course I recommend that the nights when we have very little homework we can get ahead so that in week 6 we are not so overwhelmed with homework.

3. I think we can make the economist more interesting if we can branch out to other science articles because a lot of kids in the class repeat articles because we run out of options.

4. We can use blogs more effectively if we focus on not just doing the homework on them, but also add extra things related to what we are learning for the fun of it and not for the letter grade.

5. The instructor should check that we did all the homework but he/she should not grade on correct or incorrect answers because in homework we make mistakes because we haven't talked about it in class yet.

6. I think we should have more experiments that are fun and creative and we should have art projects related to chemistry instead of homework and tests everyday. I think we should also travel away from the book as much and learn the same things in other ways. It gets really boring reading chapters every night and then taking a quiz on it the next day. We could all get a section that night then the next day each of us teach from that section to the whole class. It is said that if you teach something you learn it better.

HW #14

SCS #1, 3, 6, 13

1.   (a)  1        (b)  2          (c)  3         (d)  500-20,000

3. Four examples of natural polymers are celluloid, shellac, clay, stone, and many others. Some examples of synthetic polymers are paint components, fabrics, rubber, insulating materials, foams and many others.

6. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds. Alkenes, which contain carbon-carbondouble bonds are described as unsaturated hydrocarbons. Not all carbon atoms are bonded to their full capacity with four other atoms. Because of their double bonds, alkenes are more chemically reactive, which makes them better builder molecules than alkanes.

13. 

SBS #11-12

11.  (a) ii        (b) iii       (c) i

12. The other 75% is lost to the surrounding as thermal energy.

Blog Question

Fossil fuels are our primary energy supply. It consist of coil, oil, and natural gases. They are also nonrenewable. This is why we need alternative energy. One example of alternative energy are hybrids. The batteries are recharged while driving, through conversion of the car's kinetic energy into stored chemical potential energy. They switch from gasoline engines to electric motors. Electric vehicles reduce the amount of waste that is being produced from the burning of gas being released in the air.

HW #13

3SAS #31-38

31. (a) Propane; molecular formula: C3H8
      (b) Pentane; molecular formula: C5H12

32. The suffix -ane implies that hexane is an alkane.

33. Yes because they all have the same molecular formulas, but just a different arrangement of atoms.

34.

35. Butane is the shortest-chain alkane that demonstrates isomerism. It is and alkane with four or more carbon atoms that can be straight-chain structures, branched-chain structures, or ring structures.

36. Both representations are correct because it doesn't change the molecular formula.They are structural isomers.

37. (a) 

      (b) The straight-chain has the lowest boiling point because it has a weaker intermolecular force.

38. (a) A short-straight chain has the lowest boiling point because of the weaker intermolecular forces. This makes the bonds easier to break apart.     (b) A short-branched chain has lowest boiling point because longer branched-chains have a stronger molecular forces.     (c) A long, straight chain has a higher boiling point because it has a stronger intermolecular forces.

3SBS  #1-10

1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" it is a fossil fuel that originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from sunlight by these prehistoric plants during photosynthesis.

2.  a. Potential energy is energy of position or stored energy ready to be released. One example is the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.
     b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. An example of this is a car rolling down a hill.

3.  Chemical energy (form of potential energy), is stored in the bonds in chemical compounds. When an energy-releasing reaction takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than it originally started with, the reaction is exothermic. If less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.

4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy because it has more carbon atoms and a higher boiling point than methane. The bonds of butane are harder to break apart, which results in a higher potential energy.

5. (a) Potential energy    (b) Potential energy    (c) Kinetic energy    (d) Potential energy    (e) Kinetic energy

6. Energy is required because energy causes reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy.

7. (a) Exothermic because more heat energy is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.     (b) It's endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore, energy is being used.
    (c) Endothermic because the molecule is being broken up; therefore energy is being used.

8. More energy is given off than is added, which makes it exothermic.

9.

10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.

Blog Question

Water has a high boiling point and alcohol has a low boiling point. When the mixture is heated the alcohol will vaporize first and leave the distillation flask. The alcohol,then condenses back into a liquid and can  be collected. Then the water boils. Then this water will repeat for the water.

HW #12

p. 341

1. Infrared radiation is mostly heat energy. Exposure to it is not as harmful as exposure to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet light is the most energetic form of sun radiation and it can cause sunburns, skin cancer, and can even sterilize materials by killing bacteria and destroying viruses.

2. Visible solar radiation provides the energy needed for photosynthesis and it is the red visible scattering of light during sunset that makes sunsets look red. 

3. Less water vapor leads to less greenhouse gas because there is water vapor in dry and arid regions. Infrared radiation is not stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere from the entering of UV and visible light that is transformed into IR radiation in clouds. The visible and UV radiation directly exposed to the surface of the earth is used to heat earth. This results in wider air-temperature fluctuations from night to day.

4. (a) The daytime temperatures would be much cooler, because with less greenhouse gases there is less infrared radiation stored and reradiated back into the atmosphere. Less stored heat energy would enter throughout the day. (b) Without stored heat energy in the atmosphere, nights would be very cold.

p. 350

1. 1 kg.

2. 0.40 L of fuel.

3. 72 L of fuel would be consumed.

4. Atmospheric CO2 levels have increased due to clearing forests, combustion of cuttings and scrap timber, and the burning of fossil fuels.

5. No, because enough fossil fuel gas is naturally produced on its own.

6. The policy may seem necessary to some people in order to preserve the prevent pollution to help the atmosphere.

p. 233

1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.

2. Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource and a material that is used as fuel that can be converted to gasoline. It can be used as heat sources, deliver energy to generate electricity, generate energy, and produce useful every day products.

3. Oil is crude because it is pumped from underground and using it in a natural state without some degree of refinement where it is separated into simpler mixtures is not possible (through fractional distillation).

6. (a) 2,200,000 barrels      (b) 17,800,000 barrels

7. Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, kerosene, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil, grease, heavy oils, wax, petroleum jelly, road oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke.

8.   (a) Water bottle, sports equipment, clothing, and others.    (b) A water bottle can be made out of aluminum. Clothing can be made of cotton. Limbs can be made out of copper.

10. (a) The Middle East has the most petroleum.    (b) Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania have the least petroleum.

11.  (a) Central Asia, North America,  Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe consume more petroleum than they possess.    (b) The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America consume a smaller proportion of petroleum than they possess.

12. When two liquids are insoluble with each other density separates them.

13. Water and acetone are the easiest to separate from each other by distillation. Water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest of the four substances.

15.      

16. Fractional distillation does not separate each substance in crude oil. It produces fractions. Fractional distillation is a process that consists of a distillation column and different temperatures in order to separate solutions. Simple distillation uses evaporation and condensation.

17. 

-Light: motor gasoline and refined oil

-Intermediate: Gas oil, furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil.

-Heavy: Grease, heavy oils and wax, and cracking stock.

18. The highest boiling point range would be removed at the bottom. This is because they are thick liquids that never vaporize. They drain from the tower’s base.

19. After fractional distillation use distillation.

20. Methane, pentane, hexane, and octane. The higher the boiling point, the stronger the intermolecular forces are between the molecules.

21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, which allows both atoms to fill their outer shells completely.

22. Atoms with filled electrons are stable and tend to be chemically uncreative. Noble gases are atoms with filled outer electron shells so they are not reactive because they do not loose or gain electrons.

23. They should share it just like repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock holding them together.

26. (a) It shows the makeup of a molecule and how high the boiling point is. A molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses.   (b) The structure of a formula show how strong molecular bonds within the formula are along with the boiling point of the formula.

27.

(a)

(b)

28. It only shows four dots because the four dots represent the valence electrons, located on the outer shell of the atom, where two electrons are located.

29. (a) C9H20   (b) C16H34    (c) C10H22    (d) C18H38

30.  (a) 128g     (b) 226g     (c) 142g     (d) 254g

Blog Question

Global warming is the increase of temperature of the Earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect. It is caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, and other pollutants.

HW #11

Unit 4 SBS #14-20 

14. Since CO2 and water vapor are both greenhouse gases, they absorb infrared radiation to help maintain a stable temperature.

15. (a) Natural process: Burning coal and the industrial process
          Human activity: Breathing and bacterial decay
      (b) Natural process: Decomposition of plants and animals
          Human process: Fossil fuels and raising livestock

16. It would cause the average surface temperature to increase, which would be an increase in greenhouse/ atmospheric gases, which causes higher pressure. It would decrease if there was a decrease of greenhouse/atmospheric gases that causes lower pressure.

17. A greenhouse with transparent glass walls is warmer than a structure with dense wooden walls because infrared light cannot escape through the glass. 

18. a. 

       b. 

19. Atmospheric CO2 gas, solid calcium carbonate, natural gas and organic molecules. 

20. It could be part of the atmosphere as a gas as a result of photosynthesis, in the lithosphere as a plant or animal waste decay, or part of the hydrosphere as limestone.

HW #10

Unit 4 BS #1-8 

1. The frequency of electromagnetic radiation and its energy is proportional, but the wavelength is proportional.

2. Spectrum shows the ranges of energy.

3. Visible radiation can energize the electrons is chemical bonds, which delivers the energy necessary for reactions.

4. (a) Infrared, visible, and ultraviolet

     (b) Infrared radiation warms living things, visible reactions energize electrons, and ultraviolet radiation kills bacteria and destroys viruses.

5. UV-C photons can break covalent bonds, which leads to a chemical change in the materials exposed, and it also kills bacteria that damage other living things. Visible light is not effective because it does not possess great enough energy. 

6. Infrared reactions can be absorbed by greenhouse gases, which reradiates back to earth. 90% of visible radiation travels to earth’s surface. UV-C radiation is absorbed in the stratosphere before reaching earth’s surface. Most UV-A and UV-B radiation are absorbed by the ozone layer.

7. The main effects of the solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface are that more greenhouse gases cause more infrared radiation, resulting in more energy reradiated on earths surface, and a hotter earth.

8. (a) Lake water reflects light, as well as absorbing and storing heat. Asphalt warms up more when exposed to sunlight because solar radiation reflects and illuminates it back into space. 

    (b) Water acts as a greenhouse gas and absorbs infrared light, but asphalt directly reflects light sources back to space.

Blog Question

Alloys are solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. Some uses include transportation, construction, jet aircraft engines, and others.

HW #9

2SDS #7-13 

7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals.

8. Two alloys we use regularly are steel and gold. Steel is composed of iron and carbon, and it us used to make kitchen utensils, plumbing fixtures, and architectural designs. 14-carat gold is made of gold, copper, and silver to make jewelry.

9. Carbon is a nonmetal component made up of steel and stainless steel.

10. Chromium-platinum is an alloy and a well-defined compound. It is used to compose some razor blade edges because it is very hard.

11. Elements that behave as semi-conductors are metalloids. They are located at the break of metals and nonmetals. They have the qualities of metals and nonmetals. Metals are conductive and nonmetals are not conductive

12. Phosphorus, arsenic, and aluminum.

13. The primary use is for computers to process digital information. Semiconductor are transistors and integrated circuits (parts of electronics).

Blog Question

O2 is oxygen and it is found in the air we breath on land while O3 is ozone found on the outer layer of the earth.

HW #8

2SDS #1-6

1. Allotropes are different forms of an element that each have distinctly different physical or chemical  properties.

2. Oxygen forms allotropes when it is 02 (oxygen) or 03 (ozone).

3. (a) a diamond is has the highest melting point of all elements. It can be very expensive. It is colorless and glasslike. It is one of the hardest substances known. It does not conduct electricity. A chunk of coal is a black and it has black marks when it is rubbed on paper. It is a good conductor of electricity. Pencil lead is made of graphite. It is a soft black solid. It is conductive.   (b) Their properties are different because they each have different structures and have different atomic arrangements.   (c) The availability of these items contribute to the cost.

4. Engineered materials are materials with properties designed for certain applications. Natural materials can be hard to find, expensive, and may lack certain important properties.

5. Engineered ceramics are resistant to high temperatures, but are brittle and can fracture if exposed to rapid temperature changes.

6. Plastics can be both soft  for water bottles and hard for a glasslike behavior. Plastic can be converted into optical fibers, replacing copper wires and supplying incredible communication.

Blog Question

Molecules contain atoms with a nucleus with protons and neutrons and electrons surrounding the atom. In CO2, there is 1 carbon and 2 oxygen atoms. In H2O, there are 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom. These all contain a specific number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. The proton and electron number is on the top right corner of the periodic table and is called the atomic number. The number of neutrons is atomic number subtracted from the atomic weight.

HW #7

2SCS #13-21 

13.  (a) 6 moles             (b) 5 moles    (c) 5 moles

14.  (a) 1 mole       (b) 621 g       (c) 28 g       (d) 415 g

15. 14 + 16 + 16 = 46       32/46 = 70%

16. 

(a) Ag2S = 87% silver

(b) Al2O3 = 53% aluminum

(c) CaCO3 = 40% calcium

17.    (a) PbSO4 = 68% lead    (b) 10% PbSO4 in the ore sample   (c) 6.8% Pb in the total ore sample   (d) (below)

10% lead in the PbSO4 ore

68% lead in lead sulfate

18. (a) Reusing means a product is used again for the same purpose.  Recycling means that a product is used again in a different setting.      (b) Two examples of recycling are old computer parts and compost piles. Two examples of reusing are containers and clothes.

19.  Four examples of renewable resources are solar energy, biomass, wood, and natural gas.  Four examples of nonrenewable resources are fossil fuels, crude oil/petroleum, gas, and coal.

20.  (a) Reusing    (b) Recycling    (c) Recycling

21. A light bulb would only be recyclable, whereas a newspaper would be recyclable and reusable.

Blog Question

My metal was mercury and it's symbol is Hg and is named after the Roman god Mercury, as well as the planet Mercury. Mercury was used for tombs by Egyptians and cosmetics by the Romans, which was bad because it deformed faces. Now mercury is  used in thermometers, barometers, and dental amalgams.

HW #5

2SCS #1-12 

1. The law of conservation of matter is that matter is neither created nor destroyed.

2. Laws that describe the behavior of events in nature, but they do no provide explanations for the observed behavior.

3. They are misleading because based on the law of conservation of matter; atoms are not "used up" or "thrown away." Atoms can’t be destroyed.

4. 

(a) Not balanced; Reactant side: Sn, 1; H, 1; F, 1; Product side: Sn, 1; H, 2; F; 2

(b) Not balanced; Reactant side: Si, 1; O, 2; C, 1; Product side: Si, 1; O, 1; C, 2

(c) Balanced; Reactant side: Al, 1; O, 3; H, 6; Cl, 3; Product side: Al, 1; O, 3; H, 6; Cl, 3

5. (a) 3     (b) 2     (c) 1

6. 

(a)   1, 3, 1 ,3

(b)  2, 3, 2, 2

(c)   4, 2, 3

7. 

(a) 1 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4

(b) 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

8. (a) yes

 Reactant: Na-2                  Product: Na-2

                        S-1                                    S-1

                        O-4                                   O-4

                        K-2                                   K-2

                        Cl-2                                  Cl-2

(b) No, because subscripts always stay the same and coefficients change to balance equations.

(c) 1, 2, 1, 2

9. It would take 400,000 moles to spend a billion dollars.

10. 
(a) 32 g

(b) 48 g

(c) 100 g

(d) 58 g

(e) 180 g

11. Atomic mass equals atomic weight and the weight always stays the same.

12. 
(a) 1 atom

(b) 0.5 atoms

(c) 0.1 atoms

(d) 0.03 atoms 

HW #4

2SBS #9-22 p.151

9. Active metals are more reactive than less active metals. Active metals tend to combine with other elements, forming compounds. Less active metals usually remain separate.

10. Silver has a great lack of reactivity, so it would be easiest to process.

11. Most metals exist in nature as minerals rather than as pure metallic elements because  most metals are more reactive than metals such as silver, gold and platinum because they tend to combine with other elements, forming compounds or minerals.

12. A calcium metal with chromium (III) chloride reaction would be more likely to occur because calcium metal is more reactive than chromium metal, therefore forming a more likely reaction.

13. Putting the metal zinc into silver solution would more likely cause a reaction because zinc is more reacitve than silver.

14. A. It is a poor idea to stir a solution of lead (II) nitrate with an iron spoon because it will cause a reaction.
      B. Pb^2+(aq) + Fe(s) ---> Pb(s) + Fe^2+(aq)

15. Oxidation is when there is a lose in one or more electrons, causing a cation. Reduction is when there is a gain in one or more electrons, causing a cation to become neutral.

16. (A) Au^3+ + 3e^- ---> Au      (B) V ---> V^4+ + 4e^-      (C) Cu+ ---> Cu^2+ + 1e^-

17. (A) Reduction      (B) Oxidation      (C) Reduction

18. (A) Zn^2 + has been oxidized.       (B) Ni has been reduced.       (C) Zn.

19. (A) K+ has been oxidized.       (B) Hg has been reduced.      (C) Hg^2+.

20. (A) Al + Cr^3+ ---> Al^3+ + Cr      (B) Mn^2+ + Mg ---> Mn + Mg^2+

21. (A) Electrometallurgy is the use of an electrical current to supply electrons to metal ions, this reducing them.       (B) Pyrometallurgy is the treatment of metals and their ores with heat (thermal energy), as in a blast furnace.      (C) Hydrometallurgy is the treatment of ores and other metal-containing materials with reactants in water solution. It is used to recover silver and gold from old mine tailings by a leaching process.

22. (A) Electrometallurgy     (B) Pyrometallurgy

HW #3

2SAS #26-28, 29-34

26. Metallic elements are most likely to loose electrons because they form cations.

27. They are unreactive and chemically inert because noble gas elements rarely loose or gain electrons,

28. (a) Na: cation    (b) Ca: cation    (c) F: anion    (d) Cu: cation    (e) O: anion    (f) Li: cation    (g) Sn: cation    (h) I: anion29. Copper metal and copper (II) ions are more similar chemically than oxygen with a mass number 16 and oxygen with a mass number 18. The difference between the copper metal and ions is only the amount of electrons lost; however, the newly formed oxygen is a clear example of an isotope, a bigger difference.

30.  205pm

31. (a) change in color:
         - chemical cause: rusting
         - physical cause: painting
      (b) change in temperature:
         - chemical cause: combustion
         -physical cause: freezing or boiling a substance
      (c) formation of a gas:
          -chemical cause: reaction with HCl and Cu
          - physical cause: water will become a gas when it it boiled

32.   (a) Bromine (Br)   (b) Silicon (Si)

33. Mendeleev atomic weight and the similarities in chemical and physical properties to organize the periodic table. We did something similar with the Snake River data, we had to analyze properties of dissolved substances and compare their mass to see what could have dissolved in a specific type of water.

34. To make it ordered by atomic weight put argon (atomic weight 39.95) after potassium (atomic weigh 39.10), and put cobalt (atomic weight 58. 93) after nickel (atomic weight 58.96).

2SAS #1-8

1. Two resources found:
     -Atmosphere: nitrogen, oxygen, neon, and argon
     -Hydrosphere: water and some dissolved minerals
     -Lithosphere: petroleum and metal-bearing ores

2. (a) Three major parts of lithosphere:
       - Crust: is hard soil and rock with much of earth's minerals
       - Mantle: is the middle of the lithosphere
       - Core: is the center of earth that is very hot
    (b) The crust serves as the main storehouse of chemical resources used in manufacturing consumer products.

3. (a) Silver: Mexico    (b) Copper: Japan    (c) Tin: China

4. China produces the largest masses of the these 8 listed resources.

5. Minerals differ from ores because minerals are naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest. Ores are naturally occurring rocks or minerals that can be mined and are profitable to extract a metal.

6. A factor that can determine the possibility of mining a particular metallic ore at a certain cite is the percent of metal in the ore, the type of mining/processing used to extract the metal from the ore, and the environmental impact of the mining/metal processing.

7. A 19th century gold mine that was inactive for 100 years and it recently reopened for mining probably because more gold was created, which triggers a high demand of gold.

8. "Useful ore" means the quantity of the mined mineral.